The uveal tract is made up of the iris (colored part of the eye), the ciliary body, and the choroid. The ciliary body is located behind the iris and produces aqueous humor (the fluid inside the eye). The choroid is tissue in the back part of the eye that is situated between the inner retina and the...

The cornea is the clear outer window of the eye and is made up of three layers:  the epithelium (outer layer), the stroma (middle layer) and the endothelium (innermost layer). The epithelium serves as a protective barrier and prevents irritants and infectious agents (bacterial and fungal organi...

The cornea is the clear outer structure of the eye and is made up of three layers:  the epithelium (outer layer), the stroma (middle layer) and the endothelium (innermost layer). The epithelium serves a protective barrier and prevents irritants and infectious agents (bacterial and fungal organi...

Epiphora (excessive tearing) results in persistent wetness, and often staining, of the hair below the eyes. This is not only unsightly (and sometimes malodorous), but it may become irritating to the pet's skin since it creates an excellent bed for bacterial growth and secondary skin infections. P...

The third eyelid or nictitating membrane is present in most animal species including dogs and cats. Associated with this third eyelid is a gland (gland of the third eyelid) which plays an important role in maintaining ocular health as it contributes to the production of tears. It produces 30 to 40 p...

A cataract is any opacity in the normally clear crystalline lens of the eye. A cataract can be small or focal and not interfere with vision, or it can progress and involve more of the lens resulting in troubled vision or blindness in the affected pet. Advanced or complete cataracts may also cause th...

Compared with ordinary hand-held examination equipment, video otoscopy offers superior optics, greater magnification, and provides greater detail for evaluating the condition of the ear including the external canal, tympanum, and bullae.Otitis Media is a Surgical Disease Otitis Media is present in...

Otitis externa, inflammation of the external ear canal, is a common clinical problem in dogs (less frequent in cats) and is often a frustrating disease to cure or even control. Infection accompanies the inflammation in many cases. Primary and predisposing causes of otitis externa: Parasites All...