Hi, Short answer - most likely its role as an anti-inflammatory. Another potential function is its role as a heat shock protein influencer. Several heat shock proteins function as intra-cellular chaperones for other proteins and play an important role in protein–protein interactions such as folding and assisting in the establishment of proper protein conformation (shape) and prevention of unwanted protein aggregation. The key there is the PROPER conformation and PREVENTION of unwanted protein aggregation. However, I don't think we know everything about PEMF and all of its MOA's. And it all depends on the different signals generated by the different PEMF as all are not created equally.   

Hi, the short answer is “it depends”. There are many factors that can influence how much we want to push a patient and their musculoskeletal system. Some factors are: initial condition(ing) of the patient prior to starting therapeutic exercise, the goal of the patient with therex (is it recovery from injury or endurance training?), the age of the patient, which muscles are needing the therex, the composition and size (muscle fiber types), breed of patient, skeletal muscle blood flow, oxidative capacity and metabolism, nutrition, hydration, scheduling of therex, and recovery rate and response to therex. If you are trying to condition specific muscles in an althete (i.e. agility dog) you would frequently push them until fasciculations – pushing them beyond a level they are used to for the training to have an effect. If you had an older patient, who was not in very good condition previously and you were exercising a recent injury, they would most likely recover much differently than the athletic dog, and not want to necessarily exercise to the point of fasciculations. Most of my patients fall into the second category and I find if I push too much their recovery takes much longer.

The light is focused and concentrated to a distance, but definitely becomes less concentrated once it starts passing through the different layers of tissue to the point where the light isn’t being concentrated anymore.  Other organs would get some light exposure, but not enough that you should worry.  

I guess it would depend on what you were treating, but yes. Direct contact with the ball allows the light to penetrate deeper than the indirect cone applicator. With the direct applicator head you can actually push the blood away from the surface of the skin, allowing the light to go further. The indirect contact head doesn't need to do that as you are typically treating superficial wounds and don't need to go through multiple layers. The direct head with the ball on it is patented for the Companion lasers.     

A common FAQ from veterinarians relates to the use of PEMF (the LOOP) in conjunction with laser therapy and acupuncture. Specifically, whether the LOOP can be used on the same day as an acupuncture treatment or laser therapy. See other FAQs The answer is absolutely. There are no contraindications to using PEMF with other modalities, and the LOOP is a great take-home treatment option for pet owners to continue the healing process between laser or acupuncture treatments. Because these modalities have different mechanisms of action, there should be at least 2 hours between each treatment modality so that the effect of each individual therapy is maximized. Learn more about: Applications of PEMF in Small Animals Applications of PEMF the Equine Laser Therapy