Etiologic Agent
Epidemiology - Hosts, Life Cycle, and Transmission
Clinical Features - Signs and Their Pathogenesis
Physical Examination Findings
Diagnosis
Laboratory Abnormalities
Diagnostic Imaging
Microbiologic Tests
Pathologic Findings
Treatment
Immunity and Vaccination
Prevention
Public Health Aspects
Case Examples
Suggested Readings
References

- Parasitic Causes of Diarrhea - Trichomoniasis; Coccidia; Cryptosporidium spp.; Giardia spp.; Whipworms; Hookworms
- Bacterial Causes of Diarrhea - Treatment of Enteropathogenic Bacteria in Kittens; Enteropathogenic Bacteria Zoonotic Considerations
- Viral Causes of Diarrhea
- Diagnostic Approach to the Kitten With Suspected Infectious Diarrhea
- Empirical Therapy for Kittens With Diarrhea of Unknown Cause
- Conclusion

Range of Motion

Passive Range of Motion

Active Assisted Range of Motion

Active Range of Motion

Precautions and Contraindications to Range of Motion

Range of Motion Studies

Clinical Application of Range of Motion

Active Assisted Range of Motion

Active Range of Motion

Stretching

Static Stretching

Prolonged Mechanical Stretching

Ballistic Stretching

Stretching Studies

Clinical Application of Stretching

Static Stretching

Introduction

ANXIETY DISORDERS

- Dogs

- Cats

Chapter Outline

 

Overview

Asthma

Heartworm Disease

Article Outline

• 
• 2. Reproductive behaviour
• 3. Endocrine regulation of the oestrous cycle
• 3.1. Hypothalamic function
• 3.2. Pituitary function and gonadotrophin release
• 3.3. Follicular development, follicular hormone production and ovulation
•  

  Table 1
• 3.4. Luteal function
• 3.5. Luteolysis
• 
• 4. Oestrous cycle-induced changes of uterus, vagina and endometrium
• 
• 5. Regulation of seasonal reproductive activity
• 6. Manipulation of reproductive activity in the mare
• 7. Conclusion
• Conflict of interest statement
• References

Chapter Outline

 

SECTION A. External Beam Radiation Therapy (Teletherapy) and Brachytherapy
SECTION B. Radioisotopes in Cancer Therapy
SECTION C. Management of Radiation Toxicity and Complications

More information

Article Outline

Respiratory Problems
Dyspnea

Useful Tests

Coughing, Including Hemoptysis

Nasal Discharge, Sneezing, and Epistaxis

Nasal Radiography

Computed Tomography

Rhinoscopy

Nasal Lavage

Nasal Biopsy

Interpretation of Impression Cytology

Nasal Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy

Exploratory Rhinotomy

Serology/Antigen Detection For Nasal Fungal Disorders

Other Tests For Patients With Epistaxis

Laryngeal, Nasopharyngeal, And Pharyngeal Examination
 

Tracheal And Thoracic Radiography/Fluoroscopy

Transtracheal/Tracheal Aspiration
 

Bronchoalveolar Lavage

Tracheobronchoscopy

Fecal Examination

Baermann's Funnel Apparatus

Pulmonary Aspiration Biopsy

 

Serology/Antigen Tests For Pulmonary Diseases

Amino-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-probnp)

Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)

 

Arterial Blood Gases

Partial Pressure of Oxygen

Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide

Diagnostic Evaluation of Blood Gases

Partial Pressure Of Oxygen In Venous Blood

Pulse Oximetry

 

Thoracocentesis

Thoracoscopy/Thoracotomy

References and Suggested Readings

 

Article Outline

 

• Control of alveolar ventilation:  Chemoreceptors and chemoreflexes, Mechanoreflexes
• Gas diffusion and transport during respiration:  Carbon dioxide, Oxygen
• The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient
• Hypoxemia:  Low partial pressure of inspired O2 (Pio2), Hypoventilation, Diffusion impairment, Ventilation-alveolar perfusion mismatch (- Mismatch), Right-to-left shunt
• Respiratory acidosis:  
  Metabolic compensation in respiratory acidosis: Acute Respiratory Acidosis, Chronic Respiratory Acidosis
  Causes of respiratory acidosis
  Diagnosis and clinical features of respiratory acidosis
  Treatment of respiratory acidosis
• Respiratory alkalosis:  
  Metabolic compensation in respiratory alkalosis:  Acute Respiratory Alkalosis, Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis
  Causes of respiratory alkalosis
  Diagnosis and clinical features of respiratory alkalosis
  Treatment of respiratory alkalosis
• Dyspnea
• Summary
• References

Article Outline

 

THE NASAL CAVITY

• Normal Anatomy and Histologic Features
• Collection Techniques and Sample Preparation:  Nasal Swabs, Nasal Flush, Fine Needle Aspiration, Imprint and Brush Cytology
• Normal Cytology and Common Cytologic Changes:  Normal Nasal Cytology, Oropharyngeal Contamination, Hyperplasia / Dysplasia, Metaplasia
• Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease: Foreign Bodies, Allergic Rhinitis, Lymphoplasmacytic Rhinitis, Nasal Polyps, Chronic Sinusitis
• Infectious Causes:  Bacteria, Viral, Fungal, Parasitic, Protozoal, Algal
• Neoplasia of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
• Epithelial Neoplasia, Neuroendocrine Carcinoma, Mesenchymal Neoplasia, Discrete Cell Neoplasia, Histiocytic Sarcoma, Miscellaneous Neoplasia
  
  

LARYNX

• Anatomic and Histologic Features
• Sample Collection
• Normal and Inflammatory Cytologic Features:  Normal, Inflammation, Granulomatous laryngitis, Reactive Lymphoid hyperplasia
• Laryngeal Neoplasia:  Lymphoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Laryngeal oncocytoma, Mesenchymal Neoplasia, Laryngeal Cysts and Mucoceles

TRACHEA, BRONCHI, AND LUNGS

• Normal Anatomy and Histology of the Airways and Lung
• Collection Techniques:  Transtracheal Wash, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, Bronchial Brushing, Transthoracic Fine-Needle Aspiration
• Normal Cytologic Features:  Normal Cytology of the Trachea and Bronchial Tree, Normal Cytology of the Lung, Oropharyngeal Contamination
• Inflammation of the Tracheobronchial Tract and Lungs:  Chronic Inflammation, Suppurative Inflammation, Macrophagic and Mixed Inflammation, Granulomatous Inflammation, Eosinophilic Inflammation
• Infectious Causes of Disease of the Tracheobronchial Tract and Lungs
• Bacterial Pneumonia, Viral Pneumonia, Protozoal Pneumonia, Fungal Pneumonia, Parasitic Infestations
• Tissue Injury:  Hemorrhage, Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis, Pulmonary Atelectasis or Collapse, Necrosis, Hyperplasia and Dysplasia of the Lung, Metaplasia of the Lung
• Neoplasia:  Carcinoma, Hemolymphatic Neoplasia, Mesenchymal Neoplasia
• Nonrespiratory Aspirate

REFERENCES